Freight transport in China accounts for about 700Mt of CO2 emissions. This is about 67 percent of the country’s total transport-related CO2 emissions, with road freight transport accounting for the highest share. In comparison, Germany’s total CO2 emissions in 2019 were about 811Mt.
In its bid to make freight transport more efficient and climate-friendly, the promotion of Intermodal Transport has high priority for the Chinese Ministry of Transport (MoT). Intermodal Transport is defined as goods transportation that employs more than one mode of transport for a single assignment, with the cargo being carried in a single intermodal loading unit from origin to destination throughout the entire journey. The Sino-German Cooperation on Low Carbon Transport (CLCT), implemented on behalf of the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation, and Nuclear Safety (BMU) by GIZ, supports MoT in the promotion of Intermodal Transport in China.
On December 9 and 10, 2019, GIZ together with the China Academy of Transportation Sciences (CATS), the China Federation of Logistics & Purchasing (CFLP) and CHN Energy held the 2nd Sino-German Intermodal Transport Forum in Beijing. The forum, with about 500 participants brought together policy makers and experts in the field of Intermodal Transport. It facilitated knowledge exchange on how to develop and optimize the Intermodal Transport system in China, and how to effectively apply technological and digital solutions.
The development of Intermodal Transport in China is still in an early stage and faces problems such as:
- Insufficient standardization of Intermodal Transport loading units,
- Insufficient infrastructure connectivity,
- Lack of Intermodal Transport terminals,
- Lack of Intermodal Transport operators,
- Insufficient information sharing,
- Various obstacles to policies, regulations, standards, and technologies.
In particular the standardization of Intermodal Transport is crucial for effectively promoting sustainable and low-carbon freight transport. This includes the standardization of facilities, equipment, information and services. In a side workshop to the forum, GIZ together with Mr. Ralf-Charley Schultze of the International Union for Road-Rail Combined Transport (UIRR) and Mr. Steffen Nestler of the Deutsche GVZ-Gesellschaft (DGG) held in-depth discussions with MoT and CATS on the European and German frameworks for Intermodal Transport and the potentials of their application to China.
The following overview on the European and German frameworks for intermodal transport is a result of the 2nd Sino-German Intermodal Transportation Forum and workshop and was conducted by Mr. Ralf-Charley Schultze and Mr. Steffen Nestler.
1. Overview on the European framework for Intermodal Transport
1.1 Definition/terminology
All standardisation starts with a common definition. In the glossary of terms of the UNECE, only Multimodal, Intermodal and Combined Transport are clearly defined:
- Multimodal Transport: Goods transportation that employs more than one mode of transport for a single assignment,
- Intermodal Transport: Multimodal goods transportation, where the cargo is carried in a single intermodal loading unit from origin to destination throughout the entire journey,
- Combined Transport: Intermodal Transport where the road legs are kept to a minimum and remain as short as possible, while the longest possible section of the distance is covered by non-road modes of surface transport.
It is an EU Policy aim to promote Combined Transport and the modal shift from the road to more sustainable modes of transport. Intermodal Transport is a combined mode of transport that brings the best out of each mode of transport. It is the most efficient way to insert ecologically sustainable modes of transport – like electric rail, inland navigation and short sea shipping – into long(er) distance transport-chains.
1.2 Policies and regulations
The following European policies and regulations apply for Intermodal Transport:
- EU Directive 92/106 on Combined Transport
- TEN-T: Trans-European network for transport
- RFC : Rail Freight Corridors
- Sector Statement Group : 10 priorities
- EU Directive 96/53 on Weights and Dimensions + amendment Directive
- Implementing Act on Access to Service Facilities and rail-related services
- Statistics and Reporting: Eurostat Transport statistics
- Sector initiatives on the quality performance of rail freight: ETA, quality KPIs
- Consignment note / Electronic Freight Transport Information Regulation
- Rail Freight Forward initiative
- Intercontinental corridors
- UN ECE / COTIF initiatives: to proliferate the EU régime on the entire continent
- European Green Deal: Decarbonisation of the EU economy by 2050
1.3 Standards and specifications
The following European policies and regulations apply for Intermodal Transport:
- Technical specifications for interoperability
- Standardisation environment:
- CEN standards for CT operations
- UIC International Railway solutions (IRS / UIC leaflets) for CT
- ERA including Intermodal Taskforce and facilitation report
- ISO TC104
- CACTUS (Comparative Analysis of the Combined Transport Usages and Standards) joint initiative UIRR and UIC
1.4 Digitalisation
Roadmap on digitalisation in Combined Transport
Best practice examples:
- Unique standard for Loading Units: BIC and ILU Code
- EDI GES standard interface
- CESAR
- TAF TSI & eFTI Regulation
- European Portal for Rail Service Facilities
1.5 Challenges and bottlenecks
In Europe there still are some challenges regarding the funding (funding schemes are CEF, H2020 and Shift2Rail) and the enforcement side. Among the other challenges, there are physical, technical and regulatory bottlenecks and an issue with the density and productivity of Intermodal Terminals.
Physical bottlenecks
- Symbolic infrastructure – Uneven progress – some big projects advance faster than others
- Connecting lines – Uncoordinated upgrades of connecting lines to/from symbolic infrastructure like Gotthard Base Tunnel
- TEN-T parameters – Uneven progress in train length, axle load and loading gauge upgrades (P400) and ERTMS implementation
- Small-scale bottlenecks – Replacement of switches, extension of bypass tracks, completion of missing electrification
- Coordination of works – Deficiencies both in the coordination of planning and the implementation of works
Technical bottlenecks
- Track gauge difference – Transshipment or bogies vs one standard gauge
Extreme temperatures (from -40C to + 40C): Long-term solution: electric power on wagons to maintain temperature and improved ’Eurasian containers’
Regulatory bottlenecks
- Clean-up of national rules -Work in progress at ERA, some countries still lagging behind
- Standards – UIC IRS / Leaflets vs ERA TSIs and CEN, some progress in revising IRS / UIC Leaflets (CACTUS project)
- Traffic rules – No European priority rules, passenger traffic is ’informally’ prioritised over freight trains – even when latter is on time
- Path allocation rules – Freight comes after passenger when deciding access to the tracks – without proper social benefit analysis
- Infrastructure development – Lack of fair competition for investment resources between freight and passenger needs
- Intermodal uncertainties – Ageing and imprecisely worded Directive 92/106 impedes uniform application of rules, which results in enforcement-related disruptions in some Member States
- Voluntary standards – Codification- and identification-related heterogeneity causes extra costs and losses of efficiency
- National compensation schemes – Unpredictable national schemes reduce the value and effectiveness of compensation and promotional measures extended to intermodal actors and/or users
- Unclear goals – Lack of coordination between Member States and mode-specific regulators in the goals to be achieved by intermodal transport results in wasteful use of resources
Terminals
- Uneven terminal density – Good subsidy scheme but no CAPEX support
- Lack of urban terminals – Close to downtown, city logistics
- Quality/homogeneity – Upgrade to TEN-T parameters
- Access lines – Often of secondary importance to IM, cause for delays in both terminal and train operations
- Operational standards – Implementing Act on Access to Service Facilities,
- ’Not in my back yard’ effect – Fear of noise and traffic is hurdle to new projects,
- There could be more intermodal plans and/or commitment to modal shift – Insufficient input to encourage developers and/or to reduce risks
2. Specific conditions for Intermodal Transport in Germany
2.1 Transport market conditions
In Germany are more than 150 intermodal terminals in operation. Some of them operated as singular transfer facilities. Others are part of freight hubs such as freight villages or inland and sea ports. Although Intermodal Transport accounts only for a rather small share of the total freight transport market, it is the market segment for railway and inland shipping companies with the highest growth rates because it enables them to react on the specific requirements of modern logistics chains such as less than block train goods flows or shorter lead times and provides multi-user access for the majority of transport and forwarding companies which have no individual own rail sidings or port facilities. In 2017, about 79 % of Intermodal Transport (87,8 million tonnes) was carried by rail, 21 % by inland waterway (23,7 million tonnes).
Between 2007 and 2017 growth of German intermodal market was 24 %. For the period from 2010 to 2030, a growth of 79 % is forecasted. The intermodal market can be separated in container hinterland transport of German and neighbouring seaports (maritime containers) on one side and continental transport of containers, swap bodies and trailers on the other side.
2.2 Market players
In order to make the current situation in Intermodal Transport chains transparent, it has been found essential to consider the structure and ‘players’ of the intermodal market. The most complex set of participants can be found in the road/rail Intermodal Transport chain as follows:
- The railway undertaking (RU) and infrastructure providers
They offer their systems, meaning the railway network and the engines as well as the personnel needed for the transport to take place. The separation between railway undertaking and railway infrastructure is compulsory since the publication of European Directive 91/440, - The operators of Combined Transport
They buy the railway traction from the railway companies in order to commercialise:
– The terminal-to-terminal traffic to road carriers and freight forwarders or
– The complete door-to-door transport chain, - The managers of the intermodal terminals
Either the operators themselves or the railways, or independent companies, manage these sites, - Users/customers (road carriers, freight forwarders, logistics companies)
Intermodal operators acquire from the railway companies the traction needed to ship their loading units and then they commercialise the overall service to the end customer. The service comes in two forms: Either it is terminal to terminal (type 1) and the road carrier delivers and receives the loading units at the terminals (pre- and post-shipment) or it is a door-to-door transport from the loader to the customer (type 2).
As far as Intermodal Transport with inland waterway is concerned, the transport organisation is slightly less complicated as the issue of interoperability in international transport is not relevant as the ships operate between countries without legal limitations or technical restrictions. But again, the roles of the intermodal operator and of the terminal operator are as essential as in the road-rail Intermodal Transport chain.
2.3 Types of Intermodal Transport services
Within the systems of the several transport modes (road, rail, inland waterway) exist several configurations in order to connect origins and destinations of Intermodal Transport chains. In this document the available technologies for intermodal services in Europe are introduced. They are differentiated according to their technological characteristics.
With so called point-to-point or shuttle services exactly one transhipment is necessary at each end of a journey with one fixed train or ship configuration. Therefore these shuttles have generally the highest attractivity in terms of market acceptance of Intermodal Transport. Nevertheless, the basic condition for shuttle service is a sufficient transport demand between the departure and arrival terminal. For example, intermodal rail services typically require an average utilization of some 85 % of a train with 30 wagons and at least two to three round trips per week.
If this condition cannot be fulfilled, additional traffic flows can be integrated with so called liner train concepts with multiple stops within one transport route. These multiple stops can either be carried out with a fixed set of wagons stopping en route for loading and unloading of ITU’s. Alternatively, several wagon groups can be coupled or uncoupled during the stops. The disadvantages of both constellations are the extra time and cost to be consumed for shunting at the stops and the technological interdependences generating risks for delays. The complications increase if the total time window for the liner train service can not be limited to the night time but will also interfere with passenger services in the early morning or in the later afternoon. In these cases the risk of delays increases significantly as priority is given to passengers services so intermodal train may become subject to long breaks for extra waiting.
An important technological instrument to establish attractive intermodal services on a multitude of routes is the so called gateway concept. This concept is usually applied to connect national feeder services to international routes. A typical example for an intermodal gateway is the terminal Munich where trains from all over Germany feed in and ITU’s are transshipped between those national trains and shuttles to gateways in Italy like Verona which again offer a variety of national intermodal services. So, gateways can function as funnels for the consolidation of traffic flows.
A special derivation of the gateway scheme is the hub-and-spoke concept. Comparable to similar concepts in air traffic or road transport, intermodal hubs are located at geographically central points, where they act not only like funnels for international services but also as interchange points for national transport services. One essential advantage is that also those terminals can be connected to the hub which do not generate the minimum traffic flows for shuttle or liner trains. So, the train into the hub can carry ITU’s for a multitude of destinations.
The interchange between trains can be carried out either by shunting of wagons or by transshipment of ITU’s. The crucial point for implementation of hub-and-spoke systems in Intermodal Transport is the throughput time for the trains. One innovative hub approach is under construction in the freight village Hanover in Germany. The interchange will be carried out through transshipment of ITU’s with several gantry cranes with a high throughput capacity.
2.4 Intermodal handling and loading units
The transfer of the loading units at each end of the rail journey of a combined road-rail transport chain can be accomplished by the use of several handling techniques. One characteristic distinction for these
techniques is the main direction of the handling movement. It can be undertaken either vertically or horizontally. The vertical lift-on-lift-off operation (lo-lo) is the most widely used form of intermodal transfer. It is applied to the transshipment of ISO containers, swap bodies and semitrailers.
As ISO containers are designed to the requirements of sea transport, they are not optimal for continental transport as – compared to road vehicles – they have disadvantages in terms of pallet wide size or weight. Therefore, also liftable lorry bodies, so-called swap bodies are applied. The third group
of ITU’s in unaccompanied Intermodal Transport are liftable semitrailers.
Containers are usually top-lifted at corner fittings by adjustable Spreaders with twistlocks. Swap bodies and semitrailers are bottom-lifted by so-called grapple arms which fit into lifting pockets at the bottom
side of the loading units.
All three ITU’s are common in intermodal rail services. Containers and swap bodies are placed on platform wagons for rail transport which are available in comparatively high quantities all over Europe. On the other hand, liftable semitrailers require special pocket wagons which are in particular rare in rail companies in Middle and Eastern European countries. Therefore systems for lifting non-craneable semitrailers are applied, usually with additional platforms to carry the semitrailer. One of these systems is NiKraSa (see figure below).
ISO containers do not require any specification for intermodal rail transport. On the other hand, semitrailers and swap bodies require an UIC certificate as permission for rail transport and also a reinforced construction for lifting.
Since July 2011, the European standard EN 13044-1 introduces an owner-code for the identification of European intermodal loading units, the ILU-Code, which is compatible with the worldwide BIC-Code used for containers according to ISO 6346. Therefore, only one uniform type of owner codification of loading units will be applied: the worldwide BIC-Code for freight containers and the ILU-Code for European loading units. This enables the simplification of the electronic data processing and
operations of the transport chain. The code adapted to electronic data processing reduces the number of data capture errors as the majority of the possible typing errors are immediately spotted using the check digit. Correction costs for data errors are consequently considerably reduced.
For inland waterway transport ITU’s usually need to be stackable which refers to all ISO containers and a very limited quantity of swap bodies. Although liftable semitrailers could be carried in ships on top a
container stack, this version is not practised.
Horizontal transfer solutions are usually based on transfer equipment integrated either in the loading unit itself or in the rail wagon. Several innovative handling systems for unaccompanied Intermodal Transport are either in operation or in the pilot phase. Examples are the systems Modalohr and CargoBeamer. All systems have a flexible pocket in common which can be moved for ro-ro transshipment of semitrailers.
Although these systems approach the problem of non-liftable semitrailers, investment and construction of the special wagons needs significantly higher efforts compared to wagons for vertical transshipment. Therefore these new technologies can be seen economically viable only for train
services with a high frequency, i.e. a high level of utilization of the wagon material. Another advantage compared to vertical lifting is that the transshipment can be carried out also under the catenary (electrified loading track). The following chart contains an overview of the intermodal units and related handling technologies.
2.5 Government support for Intermodal Transport
Government support for Intermodal Transport is part of several national strategies such as:
- Freight Transport and Logistics Action Plan
- Masterplan Railfreight
- Masterplan Inland Shipping
- Innovation Programme Logistics 2030
Due to the significant growth rates of Intermodal Transport and the modal shift potential from road to rail and inland waterway, the German government supports the construction of intermodal terminals. Terminal funding is available for state-owned Deutsche Bahn subsidiaries and for private investors. Private investors can receive up to 80% funding for eligible investment costs. The current average budget per year for this investment programme is about 93 million EUR. Since 1998 more than 90 terminals were funded. The modal shift impact of these investments is 28.4 billion tonne-kilometres per year and 2.0 million tonnes carbon emission savings per year. So far, the total Federal Government funding in intermodal terminals is 802.1 million EUR (2017) which established a handling capacity of 8.4 million loading units (2017). Further support instruments and incentives relevant for Intermodal Transport are:
- Reduction of track access charges for freight trains,
- Incentives for efficiency improvement in electric train traction,
- Exception from driving bans and 44 tonnes total weight (instead of 40 tonnes) for heavy lorries for trips to and from terminals
2.6 Standards and specifications on national level
The influence of standards in the Intermodal Transport chain is illustrated in the figure below:
Whereas standards for technical equipment are widely available and applied, a completely standardised data flow and processing in Intermodal Transport is still considered to be a challenge. One approach to solve this problem is the technical standard specification DIN SPEC 91073. DIGIT, defining standard of data exchange between all stakeholders of the Intermodal Transport for efficient communication.
3. Outlook
Even though, the development of Intermodal Transport in China made significant progress over the last 3 years, there is still a significant lack of capacities and in particular standardization as mentioned at the introduction to this article. Within the framework of the Sino-German Cooperation on Low Carbon Transport CLCT, we will further support the Chinese MoT and CATS on the development of Intermodal Transport standardization and specifications development but also the development of freight hubs, data standards and the processing in the Intermodal Transport chains.